Overview

Pathogenicity: Alzheimer's Disease : Possible Risk Modifier
Clinical Phenotype: Alzheimer's Disease
Position: (GRCh38/hg38):Chr6:41161395 G>A
Position: (GRCh37/hg19):Chr6:41129133 G>A
dbSNP ID: rs142232675
Coding/Non-Coding: Coding
DNA Change: Substitution
Expected RNA Consequence: Substitution
Expected Protein Consequence: Missense
Codon Change: GAT to AAT
Reference Isoform: TREM2 Isoform 1 (230 aa)
Genomic Region: Exon 2

Findings

The D87N variant was reported to be significantly associated with AD when it was found in six of 1,091 AD patients but in none of 1,105 controls (Guerreiro et al., 2013). Subsequently, an association was found in a cohort from the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project (5575 cases, 4808 controls, odds ratio 2.3) (Song et al., 2017). However, other studies have failed to confirm this association (Benitez et al., 2013; Borroni et al., 2014; Cuyvers et al., 2014; Ghani et al., 2016; Jin et al., 2014; Jin et al., 2015; Jonsson et al., 2013; Sims et al., 2017). The variant was not found in Japanese subjects (approximately 2,200 cases and 2,500 controls) (Miyashita et al., 2014).

The variant was not associated with frontotemporal dementia in Italian or Belgian cohorts (Borroni et al., 2014; Cuyvers et al., 2014).

Neuropathology

A single AD patient, heterozygous for the D87N variant, has been described. This patient had typical AD pathology, including widespread tau pathology (Braak stage 6) (Guerreiro et al., 2013).

Biological Effect

The D87N variant exhibits normal maturation (Sirkis et al., 2016), and the aspartate to asparagine substitution does not appear to drastically alter folding or promote protein aggregation (Kober et al., 2017). In a cell-free assay, the D87N variant exhibited decreased binding to LDL (47 percent decrease, compared with wild-type TREM2), lipidated clusterin (40 percent decrease), and lipidated ApoE (52 percent decrease); uptake of acetylated LDL was reduced in HEK293 cells expressing the D87N variant compared with cells expressing wild-type TREM2 (Yeh et al., 2016). However, this variant increased activation by purified phospholipids, HDL, and LDL in reporter cells engineered to turn on GFP expression when TREM2 is engaged (Song et al., 2017).

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References

Paper Citations

1. Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, Cruchaga C, Sassi C, Kauwe JS, Younkin S, Hazrati L, Collinge J, Pocock J, Lashley T, Williams J, Lambert JC, Amouyel P, Goate A, Rademakers R, Morgan K, Powell J, St George-Hyslop P, Singleton A, Hardy J, Alzheimer Genetic Analysis Group. TREM2 variants in Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 10;368(2):117-27. Epub 2012 Nov 14 PubMed.
2. Song W, Hooli B, Mullin K, Jin SC, Cella M, Ulland TK, Wang Y, Tanzi RE, Colonna M. Alzheimer's disease-associated TREM2 variants exhibit either decreased or increased ligand-dependent activation. Alzheimers Dement. 2017 Apr;13(4):381-387. Epub 2016 Aug 9 PubMed.
3. Benitez BA, Cooper B, Pastor P, Jin SC, Lorenzo E, Cervantes S, Cruchaga C. TREM2 is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease in Spanish population. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Jun;34(6):1711.e15-7. Epub 2013 Feb 5 PubMed.
4. Borroni B, Ferrari F, Galimberti D, Nacmias B, Barone C, Bagnoli S, Fenoglio C, Piaceri I, Archetti S, Bonvicini C, Gennarelli M, Turla M, Scarpini E, Sorbi S, Padovani A. Heterozygous TREM2 mutations in frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2014 Apr;35(4):934.e7-10. Epub 2013 Oct 16 PubMed.
5. Cuyvers E, Bettens K, Philtjens S, Van Langenhove T, Gijselinck I, van der Zee J, Engelborghs S, Vandenbulcke M, Van Dongen J, Geerts N, Maes G, Mattheijssens M, Peeters K, Cras P, Vandenberghe R, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Cruts M, Sleegers K, BELNEU consortium. Investigating the role of rare heterozygous TREM2 variants in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2014 Mar;35(3):726.e11-9. Epub 2013 Oct 9 PubMed.
6. Ghani M, Sato C, Kakhki EG, Gibbs JR, Traynor B, St George-Hyslop P, Rogaeva E. Mutation analysis of the MS4A and TREM gene clusters in a case-control Alzheimer's disease data set. Neurobiol Aging. 2016 Jun;42:217.e7-217.e13. Epub 2016 Mar 21 PubMed.
7. Jin SC, Benitez BA, Karch CM, Cooper B, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Norton JB, Hsu S, Harari O, Cai Y, Bertelsen S, Goate AM, Cruchaga C. Coding variants in TREM2 increase risk for Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Nov 1;23(21):5838-46. Epub 2014 Jun 4 PubMed.
8. Jin SC, Carrasquillo MM, Benitez BA, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Patel D, Lincoln S, Krishnan S, Kachadoorian M, Reitz C, Mayeux R, Wingo TS, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Murrell J, Hendrie H, Foroud T, Graff-Radford NR, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Ertekin-Taner N. TREM2 is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. Mol Neurodegener. 2015 Apr 10;10:19. PubMed.
9. Jonsson T, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsson PV, Snaedal J, Bjornsson S, Huttenlocher J, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Rujescu D, Hampel H, Giegling I, Andreassen OA, Engedal K, Ulstein I, Djurovic S, Ibrahim-Verbaas C, Hofman A, Ikram MA, van Duijn CM, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Stefansson K. Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 10;368(2):107-16. Epub 2012 Nov 14 PubMed.
10. 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P, Giegling I, Beiser AS, Giedraitis V, Hampel H, Garcia ME, Wang X, Lannfelt L, Mecocci P, Eiriksdottir G, Crane PK, Pasquier F, Boccardi V, Henández I, Barber RC, Scherer M, Tarraga L, Adams PM, Leber M, Chen Y, Albert MS, Riedel-Heller S, Emilsson V, Beekly D, Braae A, Schmidt R, Blacker D, Masullo C, Schmidt H, Doody RS, Spalletta G, Jr WT, Fairchild TJ, Bossù P, Lopez OL, Frosch MP, Sacchinelli E, Ghetti B, Yang Q, Huebinger RM, Jessen F, Li S, Kamboh MI, Morris J, Sotolongo-Grau O, Katz MJ, Corcoran C, Dunstan M, Braddel A, Thomas C, Meggy A, Marshall R, Gerrish A, Chapman J, Aguilar M, Taylor S, Hill M, Fairén MD, Hodges A, Vellas B, Soininen H, Kloszewska I, Daniilidou M, Uphill J, Patel Y, Hughes JT, Lord J, Turton J, Hartmann AM, Cecchetti R, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Arcaro M, Caltagirone C, Orfei MD, Ciaramella A, Pichler S, Mayhaus M, Gu W, Lleó A, Fortea J, Blesa R, Barber IS, Brookes K, Cupidi C, Maletta RG, Carrell D, Sorbi S, Moebus S, Urbano M, Pilotto A, Kornhuber J, 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11. Miyashita A, Wen Y, Kitamura N, Matsubara E, Kawarabayashi T, Shoji M, Tomita N, Furukawa K, Arai H, Asada T, Harigaya Y, Ikeda M, Amari M, Hanyu H, Higuchi S, Nishizawa M, Suga M, Kawase Y, Akatsu H, Imagawa M, Hamaguchi T, Yamada M, Morihara T, Takeda M, Takao T, Nakata K, Sasaki K, Watanabe K, Nakashima K, Urakami K, Ooya T, Takahashi M, Yuzuriha T, Serikawa K, Yoshimoto S, Nakagawa R, Saito Y, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Yamaguchi H, Akazawa K, Kanazawa I, Ihara Y, Ikeuchi T, Kuwano R. Lack of genetic association between TREM2 and late-onset Alzheimer's disease in a Japanese population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(4):1031-8. PubMed.
12. Sirkis DW, Bonham LW, Aparicio RE, Geier EG, Ramos EM, Wang Q, Karydas A, Miller ZA, Miller BL, Coppola G, Yokoyama JS. Rare TREM2 variants associated with Alzheimer's disease display reduced cell surface expression. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016 Sep 2;4(1):98. PubMed.
13. Kober DL, Alexander-Brett JM, Karch CM, Cruchaga C, Colonna M, Holtzman MJ, Brett TJ. Neurodegenerative disease mutations in TREM2 reveal a functional surface and distinct loss-of-function mechanisms. Elife. 2016 Dec 20;5 PubMed.
14. Yeh FL, Wang Y, Tom I, Gonzalez LC, Sheng M. TREM2 Binds to Apolipoproteins, Including APOE and CLU/APOJ, and Thereby Facilitates Uptake of Amyloid-Beta by Microglia. Neuron. 2016 Jul 20;91(2):328-40. PubMed.

Further Reading