Most studies over the past 25 years have consistently found lower levels of Aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with Alzheimer’s disease than in controls. In general, levels in the AD group are approximately half of control levels. Meta-analysis of more than 200 comparisons yielded an effect size of 0.552 (p <0.0001). The decrease in Aβ42 in the CSF of AD patients is thought to reflect the deposition of the peptide into amyloid plaques in the brain.
ELISA ELISA; xMAP Electrochemiluminescence Electrochemiluminescence; ELISA Fully Automated Immunoassay Mass Spectrometry xMAP Study Effect Size (95 % CI) AD CTRL Effect Size Lower CI Upper CI % Weight 0.03 0.25 1 2 5 0.03 0.25 1 2 5 Motter, 1995 Galasko, 1998 Kanai, 1998 Shoji, 1998 Andreasen, 1999 Hulstaert, 1999 Jensen, 1999 Kanemaru, 2000 Praticò, 2000 Riemenschneider, 2000 Riemenschneider, 2000 Sjögren, 2000 Tarkowski, 2000 Vanderstichele, 2000 Andreasen, 2001 Andreasen, 2001 Andreasen, 2001 Maruyama, 2001 Rösler, 2001 Sjögren, 2001 Sjögren, 2001 Mulder, 2002 Nägga, 2002 Nägga, 2002 Riemenschneider, 2002 Riemenschneider, 2002 Sjögren, 2002 Clark, 2003 Gómez-Tortosa, 2003 Kapaki, 2003 Maddalena, 2003 Olsson, 2003 Olsson, 2003 Skoog, 2003 Sunderland, 2003 Hampel, 2004 Lins, 2004 Sunderland, 2004 Zetterberg, 2004 Grossman, 2005 Ivanoiu, 2005 Kapaki, 2005 Vanderstichele, 2005 Blasko, 2006 Engelborghs, 2006 Ibach, 2006 Vanderstichele, 2006 de Jong, 2006 Andersson, 2007 Fagan, 2007 Fagan, 2007 Giedraitis, 2007 Paradowski, 2007 Pijnenburg, 2007 Bian, 2008 Choi, 2008 Engelborghs, 2008 Galimberti, 2008 Gloeckner, 2008 Lee, 2008 Palumbo, 2008 Parnetti, 2008 Zhang, 2008 Blom, 2009 Boström, 2009 Buchhave, 2009 Buchhave, 2009 Fagan, 2009 Henneman, 2009 Lin, 2009 Ohrfelt, 2009 Paraskevas, 2009 Popp, 2009 Shaw, 2009 Sjölander, 2009 Tolboom, 2009 Verbeek, 2009 Yaka, 2009 Zhang, 2009 Alves, 2010 Bjerke, 2010 Craig-Schapiro, 2010 Craig-Schapiro, 2010 Exalto, 2010 Hertze, 2010 Landgren, 2010 Mulder, 2010 Riepe, 2010 Sluimer, 2010 Spies, 2010 Sundelöf, 2010 Thorsell, 2010 Verwey, 2010 Bekris, 2011 Bibl, 2011 Bjerke, 2011 Chalbot, 2011 Chalbot, 2011 Ewers, 2011 Johansson, 2011 Rami, 2011 Shi, 2011 Smach, 2011 Tarawneh, 2011 Arlt, 2012 Bartos, 2012 Hall, 2012 Jellinger, 2012 Kakuda, 2012 Malnar, 2012 Rosén, 2012 Santos, 2012 Abraham, 2013 Kaerst, 2013 Kramberger, 2013 Krut, 2013 Li, 2013 Luo, 2013 Molinuevo, 2013 Molinuevo, 2013 Molinuevo, 2013 Olsson, 2013 Pannee, 2013 Pannee, 2013 Tsolakidou, 2013 Yamamoto, 2013 Aalten, 2014 Deuschle, 2014 Hanzel, 2014 Hertze, 2014 Korecka, 2014 Kristofikova, 2014 Li, 2014 Lodeiro, 2014 Millard, 2014 Monge-Argilés, 2014 Slaets, 2014 Alexopoulos, 2015 Baldeiras, 2015 Celebi, 2015 Forlenza, 2015 Forlenza, 2015 Haris, 2015 Jiao, 2015 Jongbloed, 2015 Kvartsberg, 2015 Kvartsberg, 2015 Li, 2015 Luo, 2015 Magdalinou, 2015 Martínez-Lizana, 2015 Morenas-Rodríguez, 2015 Moriya, 2015 Pan, 2015 Pan, 2015 Pan, 2015 Schirinzi, 2015 Spiegel, 2015 Wagshal, 2015 Wennström, 2015 Yang, 2015 Berge, 2016 Janelidze, 2016 Lauridsen, 2016 Leuzy, 2016 Park, 2016 Wang, 2016 Zwan, 2016 Alcolea, 2017 Baldacci, 2017 Ben Bouallègue, 2017 Chiasserini, 2017 Howell, 2017 Howell, 2017 Janelidze, 2017 Llorens, 2017 Paraskevas, 2017 Reijs, 2017 Sainaghi, 2017 Santangelo, 2017 Baldeiras, 2018 Del Campo, 2018 Denk, 2018 Jessen, 2018 Kouzuki, 2018 Niikado, 2018 Park, 2018 Paterson, 2018 Portelius, 2018 Rocha, 2018 Smailovic, 2018 Sun, 2018 de Almeida, 2018 Babapour Mofrad, 2019 Bayart, 2019 Galasko, 2019 Jeppsson, 2019 Jia, 2019 Khoonsari, 2019 Marchegiani, 2019 Morenas-Rodríguez, 2019 Ortega, 2019 Palmqvist, 2019 Radanovic, 2019 Seino, 2019 Brosseron, 2020 Dhiman, 2020 Grøntvedt, 2020 Jung, 2020 Ye, 2020 All Studies p<0.0001 37 82 93 55 53 150 80 24 14 50 25 60 52 39 58 105 35 54 27 47 22 20 23 50 25 37 19 60 33 49 51 36 45 12 131 93 12 150 20 17 75 33 66 23 201 76 94 61 585 16 33 39 57 20 19 11 51 43 23 33 76 23 48 47 159 45 100 29 31 28 66 92 54 100 265 15 72 15 162 20 20 29 65 58 94 801 17 106 47 69 101 10 60 92 25 30 54 85 28 18 18 50 70 98 51 25 48 27 24 13 72 14 23 47 117 21 21 61 98 34 47 96 15 15 63 23 84 10 32 92 41 35 21 23 99 30 124 119 107 21 26 41 27 25 107 44 16 16 53 26 42 73 15 45 85 102 14 28 37 45 27 26 137 19 122 76 26 195 72 35 124 48 10 15 75 84 29 80 63 165 168 30 48 18 40 14 34 156 397 18 197 13 24 1004 44 46 50 101 76 70 50 24 94 46 12 68 28 38 62 82 20 60 41 34 21 100 24 19 10 30 30 32 25 12 18 18 19 15 49 12 20 20 27 27 18 18 17 73 46 49 31 12 30 28 72 10 12 142 20 13 38 50 29 27 148 39 60 30 161 90 90 18 47 25 13 13 97 30 19 24 30 20 95 35 49 34 34 69 19 21 55 68 98 114 53 10 58 15 59 36 20 198 198 91 38 286 12 30 23 47 28 11 40 170 20 30 21 21 19 20 19 137 30 211 98 25 107 17 21 11 65 12 21 21 231 43 23 40 47 44 12 65 15 15 12 13 60 10 31 72 41 15 22 19 168 28 29 41 33 10 25 41 17 26 67 30 10 120 36 30 20 74 12 54 98 104 14 87 37 36 23 25 328 32 13 71 29 57 56 21 157 46 23 28 65 62 18 46 67 32 66 29 44 50 40 11 87 30 75 10 210 40 18 442 42 90 54 101 45 43 44 17 34 54 32 41 159 61 27 24 0.606 0.561 0.455 0.426 0.423 0.597 1.608 0.398 0.663 0.441 0.632 0.494 0.289 0.529 0.638 0.583 0.461 0.706 0.476 0.427 0.795 0.462 0.567 0.557 0.622 0.459 0.482 0.612 0.753 0.587 0.575 0.443 0.622 0.592 0.373 0.567 0.701 0.542 0.570 0.568 0.559 0.598 0.471 0.474 0.599 0.633 0.561 0.482 0.642 0.727 0.818 0.640 0.510 0.471 0.618 0.750 0.505 0.386 0.426 0.675 0.453 0.537 0.722 0.673 0.906 0.437 0.417 0.825 0.584 0.570 0.556 0.659 0.452 0.699 0.649 0.572 0.517 0.764 0.589 0.467 0.618 0.580 0.737 0.593 0.596 0.641 0.541 0.570 0.552 0.510 0.503 0.445 0.524 0.697 0.396 0.555 0.631 0.558 0.860 0.444 0.631 0.518 0.452 0.634 0.477 0.928 0.625 0.571 0.678 0.730 0.617 0.383 0.639 0.626 0.531 0.710 0.439 0.480 0.506 0.539 0.539 0.612 0.481 0.480 0.763 0.514 0.747 0.668 0.431 0.604 0.444 0.695 0.444 0.622 0.697 0.389 0.729 0.567 0.624 0.709 0.717 0.652 0.629 0.572 0.442 0.552 0.648 0.611 0.482 0.407 0.479 0.434 0.249 0.509 0.542 0.579 0.357 0.593 0.682 0.494 0.646 0.462 0.597 0.446 0.510 0.468 0.571 0.543 0.444 0.616 0.699 0.572 0.579 0.384 0.385 0.414 0.495 0.691 0.391 0.491 0.490 0.534 0.497 0.397 0.447 0.533 0.569 0.385 0.537 0.434 0.546 0.371 0.555 0.622 0.614 0.535 0.588 0.557 0.579 0.601 0.419 0.550 0.593 0.791 0.540 0.478 0.674 0.473 0.609 0.584 0.534 0.494 0.349 0.318 0.360 0.546 1.317 0.334 0.479 0.395 0.520 0.430 0.280 0.454 0.543 0.506 0.386 0.576 0.410 0.365 0.658 0.405 0.489 0.494 0.499 0.400 0.419 0.372 0.518 0.510 0.489 0.341 0.540 0.441 0.317 0.490 0.564 0.512 0.477 0.458 0.493 0.511 0.418 0.340 0.555 0.540 0.491 0.430 0.611 0.609 0.688 0.508 0.420 0.382 0.480 0.536 0.449 0.338 0.325 0.563 0.393 0.424 0.576 0.542 0.829 0.380 0.371 0.698 0.482 0.439 0.509 0.588 0.403 0.649 0.606 0.474 0.465 0.591 0.547 0.371 0.514 0.507 0.643 0.539 0.538 0.617 0.512 0.500 0.465 0.455 0.435 0.331 0.470 0.653 0.320 0.459 0.545 0.496 0.688 0.373 0.478 0.457 0.402 0.572 0.424 0.770 0.573 0.551 0.530 0.552 0.566 0.324 0.555 0.550 0.499 0.624 0.374 0.429 0.436 0.472 0.424 0.561 0.352 0.363 0.554 0.417 0.663 0.490 0.390 0.554 0.379 0.565 0.377 0.539 0.654 0.314 0.638 0.502 0.541 0.591 0.588 0.567 0.531 0.466 0.402 0.468 0.544 0.484 0.429 0.334 0.398 0.397 0.154 0.412 0.463 0.499 0.290 0.461 0.598 0.435 0.614 0.383 0.549 0.372 0.407 0.425 0.496 0.490 0.407 0.434 0.656 0.489 0.371 0.264 0.335 0.340 0.419 0.603 0.355 0.424 0.428 0.344 0.442 0.336 0.430 0.409 0.469 0.329 0.500 0.341 0.520 0.300 0.429 0.605 0.499 0.463 0.509 0.522 0.503 0.516 0.378 0.438 0.506 0.688 0.438 0.432 0.590 0.415 0.535 0.521 0.687 0.637 0.593 0.570 0.496 0.653 1.963 0.474 0.917 0.492 0.769 0.567 0.298 0.617 0.749 0.671 0.550 0.865 0.553 0.500 0.961 0.526 0.657 0.628 0.776 0.527 0.555 1.009 1.095 0.675 0.677 0.576 0.718 0.796 0.438 0.655 0.871 0.573 0.681 0.706 0.634 0.699 0.532 0.659 0.645 0.743 0.641 0.541 0.675 0.867 0.973 0.808 0.620 0.581 0.795 1.049 0.568 0.441 0.559 0.809 0.521 0.680 0.905 0.836 0.991 0.502 0.469 0.975 0.708 0.740 0.607 0.739 0.506 0.753 0.695 0.690 0.574 0.987 0.635 0.589 0.743 0.664 0.845 0.652 0.661 0.667 0.572 0.651 0.655 0.570 0.581 0.599 0.583 0.745 0.489 0.670 0.732 0.628 1.076 0.529 0.834 0.586 0.508 0.704 0.537 1.117 0.681 0.593 0.869 0.967 0.673 0.452 0.736 0.712 0.565 0.809 0.517 0.537 0.587 0.616 0.687 0.669 0.657 0.635 1.051 0.632 0.841 0.911 0.475 0.659 0.519 0.855 0.524 0.718 0.743 0.482 0.833 0.640 0.719 0.851 0.874 0.750 0.745 0.702 0.486 0.651 0.770 0.770 0.542 0.496 0.576 0.474 0.403 0.629 0.636 0.673 0.441 0.762 0.779 0.562 0.680 0.557 0.651 0.536 0.639 0.515 0.657 0.600 0.483 0.874 0.744 0.669 0.902 0.559 0.442 0.505 0.586 0.791 0.430 0.569 0.562 0.831 0.560 0.468 0.464 0.695 0.691 0.450 0.576 0.552 0.575 0.458 0.718 0.639 0.757 0.617 0.679 0.596 0.667 0.700 0.464 0.690 0.695 0.911 0.666 0.528 0.771 0.539 0.694 0.656 0.51 0.51 0.41 0.39 0.49 0.53 0.46 0.48 0.36 0.52 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.44 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.32 0.50 0.48 0.41 0.50 0.38 0.48 0.50 0.44 0.54 0.47 0.44 0.51 0.49 0.51 0.36 0.53 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.47 0.48 0.43 0.46 0.45 0.42 0.35 0.51 0.50 0.40 0.47 0.50 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.53 0.50 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.41 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.47 0.52 0.41 0.53 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.51 0.50 0.38 0.52 0.54 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.44 0.48 0.40 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.47 0.53 0.54 0.42 0.39 0.53 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.52 0.49 0.50 0.42 0.53 0.37 0.40 0.36 0.45 0.51 0.37 0.52 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.45 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.46 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.52 0.48 0.48 0.43 0.51 0.46 0.47 0.53 0.26 0.45 0.49 0.49 0.45 0.42 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.47 0.53 0.47 0.44 0.52 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.34 0.54 0.49 0.28 0.32 0.50 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.49 0.50 0.28 0.51 0.48 0.54 0.41 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.43 0.54 0.45 0.41 0.55 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.54 0.50 0.49 0.52 0.44 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 14236 10708 0.552 0.534 0.570 100
